Abstract
This
book is intended to explain the purposes and general structures of the main
members and systems of airplanes, to analyze the characteristics and the
structural features of aircrafts, with accordance to airworthiness
requirements. Also it is intended to describe the methodology for the designing
and modifying of aircrafts, their units and systems, assembly units, with
accordance to the requirements of airworthiness regulations. And it is intended
to describe the purpose, layout and principal diagrams, operation and basic
parameters, structure of assemblies and elements of systems of aircraft power
plants with accordance to airworthiness. The emphasis is put on the operation
of systems of aircraft power plants.
It
is shown that the classification of aircraft by aerodynamic configuration, a
main units structure (as wing, fuselage, tail unit, landing gear, etc.),
general requirements to the units, the airworthiness requirements to units, the
geometrical parameters of the units, advantages and disadvantages of different
units configurations, load carry structures of units, structural members of
units, etc.. And it is shown that the functionality, design features,
arrangement, operational principles, methods of equipment design of aircraft
power plant systems, which meet both general and specific requirements. The
operation,structure design of aircraft power plant systems (engine selection,
engine mount, systems: fuel, lubrication, air ingestion, exhaust, protection, electro
mechanical, etc.) are presented in interaction with other components and
systems of airplane.
This
book will be suitable for students majoring in airworthiness, designers,
manufacturing engineers, etc.
Aviation is a complex
engineering industry. Efficiency of aircraft is highly sensitive to many
factors. Among them are safety, flight performance, design perfection,
suitability for production in given conditions, etc..
But the safety of aircraft
operation is the most important factor, on which its success largely depends.
Today, aviation is the safest type of transport, which is confirmed by the
multi year statistics.
Why can we make such
achievements? Firstly, because of the tightening of safety rules in all areas
of the aviation industry: from designing to logistic of passenger traffic at an
airport. Secondly,the improvement of engineering technology:designing,manufacturing,
operation,etc.. Thirdly, by improving structural materials. Fourthly, by
improving the quality of training of aviation specialists: flight crews, ground
staff, designers, technologists and others.
As is known, a significant
volume of events, which are the cause of crashes, is the human factor.
Therefore, improved approaches to training of aviation specialists is an
important and actual task.
This book is intended for
engineers to gain knowledge of civil aviation about aircraft structure, design
principles of an aircraft in general and power plant systems in particular. It
will also be useful for all specialists of the aviation industry,concerning the
relationship of project parameters of aircraft in terms of their
implementation, and ways to link operational characteristics of the aircraft
with the principles of rational designing.
The aeronautical engineering
is designed according to the requirements of the airworthiness standards for
students to learn the principle applications.It is this combination that allows
to achieve high efficiency of aviation technology with a high level of its
safety.
Part 1 General Aircraft Structure with Accordance to Airworthiness 1
1.1 Specifics of Civil Aircraft 1
1.1.1 The flight performances of the aircraft 1
1.1.2 Aerodynamic and strength performances 13
1.1.3 Design process and airworthiness
requirements 24
1.1.4 Aircraft classification by functions 26
1.1.5 Weight calculation by statistical data 28
1.2 Classification of Aircrafts on Aerodynamic Configuration and Designing
Feature 30
1.2.1 Classification by the wing arrangement in
vertical and horizontal planes 30
1.2.2 Classification by the aircraft units
arrangement (tail unit, engines,landing gear, etc.) 36
1.3 General Requirements to Aircraft Structure 49
1.3.1 General requirements to the aircraft 49
1.3.2 Main stages of aircraft cyclic life 53
1.4 General Knowledge About Wings
63
1.4.1 Purpose of the wing and requirements to it 63
1.4.2 Geometrical parameters and different shapes of
the wing 67
1.4.3 Main structural members of the wing 71
1.4.4 Load-carry structure of the wing 77
1.5 Tail Unit of the Aircraft 82
1.5.1 Purpose of the tail unit and requirements to
it 82
1.5.2 Geometrical parameters and different shapes of
a tail unit 86
1.5.3 Load-carry structure of the tail unit 91
1.6 Control Surfaces and High-lift Devices (CS&HLD) of the
Aircraft 95
1.6.1 Purpose of CS&HLD and requirements to
it 95
1.6.2 Geometrical parameters of CS&HLD 101
1.6.3 Load-carry structure of H-LD and CS 110
1.7 Fuselage of the Aircraft 111
1.7.1 Purpose of the fuselage and requirements to it
111
1.7.2 Geometrical parameters and different shapes of
the fuselage 130
1.7.3 Load-carry structure of the fuselage 134
1.8 Other Structural Members of the Aircraft 141
1.8.1 Purpose and specific requirements for the
landing gear 141
1.8.2 Configuration of the landing gear 148
1.8.3 Purpose and specific requirements for the
control system 172
1.8.4 Classification of the control system 178
Questions 194
Part 2 Conformity Verification and Validation of Aircraft Power Plant
System 195
2.1 Definition of Concept Power Plant
195
2.1.1 General questions 195
2.1.2 Aviation power plant improvement
directions 200
2.1.3 Over-all technical requirements to
aircraft power plants 204
2.1.4 Requirements to aircraft power plants in
airworthiness 205
2.2 Classification of Power Plants (Types of Aircraft Engines and Their
Arrangement on Aircraft 214
2.2.1 General analysis of aircraft engine types
and areas of their application 214
2.2.2 Auxiliary power unit 224
2.2.3 Engine selection 224
2.2.4 Number of Engines 225
2.2.5 Analysis of scheme of engine arrangement on
aircraft 227
2.3 Engine Mounts 239
2.3.1 General information 239
2.3.2 Requirements to engine mount 241
2.3.3 Airframes of engine mounts 243
2.4 Fuel Systems of Power Plant 255
2.4.1 Purpose of fuel systems and requirements to
them 255
2.4.2 Aviation fuels and their properties 270
2.4.3 Structure of fuel systems 274
2.4.4 Layouts of fuel system 274
2.4.5 Calculations of fuel systems 278
2.4.6 Venting and pressurization of fuel system 286
2.4.7 Designing the scheme and calculation of fuel
dump system 291
2.4.8 Fueling system
294
2.4.9 Structural components of fuel system 296
2.5 Lubrication Systems of Power Plants 305
2.5.1 Purpose of lubrication systems and
requirements 305
2.5.2 Aviation oils
310
2.5.3 General characteristics of lubrication
systems 311
2.5.4 Lubrication system schemes (methods of
separation air from oil) 313
2.5.5 Calculation of lubrication system 320
2.5.6 Oil cooling, coolers 322
2.5.7 Oil tank structure 324
2.6 Nacelles and Cowlings of Engines
326
2.6.1 Purpose and components of nacelles and
cowlings 326
2.6.2 Airframe of nacelles for various types of
engines 330
2.7 Air-Intakes 332
2.7.1 Air suction system, its purpose, requirements and
components 332
2.7.2 Air intake classification 335
2.7.3 Designing model and design algorithm of
subsonic air intakes 338
2.7.4 Subsonic air intake design 341
2.8 Exhaust Units of Power Plants
342
2.8.1 Exhaust units, their purpose, requirements and
structure 342
2.8.2 Types of exhaust 345
2.8.3 Thrust reverse devices, their Purpose and
Requirements(types of thrust reverse devices) 347
2.8.4 Aircraft noise sources. noise abatement
procedures 349
2.9 Vibrations of Power Plants. Shock-Absorption of Engine Mounts 351
2.9.1 Airworthiness about powerplant vibrations 351
2.9.2 Common information about aircraft engines
ribrations 352
2.9.3 Stiffness of engine mounts 355
2.9.4 Shock-absorption of engine mounts 358
2.9.5 Design of shock absorbers 359
Questions 361
References 362
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