外辐射源雷达是一种采用第三方辐射源，在接收端同时接收直达波信号与目标回波信号，进而构建目标检测的新体制雷达系统。本书系统地介绍了外辐射源雷达工程的相关处理方法及应用实例。全书共10 章，结合作者多年从事外辐射源雷达研究的理论成果和实际工程经验，对外辐射源雷达技术进行了全面系统的阐述。从外辐射雷达的基础理论和方法出发，介绍了外辐射雷达的发展历史和现状，系统总结了外辐射源雷达的组成部分，深入研究了外辐射雷达目标探测、相干积累、检测算法、目标定位跟踪等信号处理技术，同时也梳理了外辐射源目标散射机理和电磁传播环境建模等重要研究。
雷达是一种用于测量目标距离、速度和方向的电子设备，在现代战争、天气预报、
民用航空等领域已经得到广泛应用。尤其是在现代战场中，雷达装备往往决定了作战方
对整个战场信息的掌控能力，是决定能否取胜的核心因素之一。然而，随着现代军事科
技的不断进步，电磁环境日益复杂，各类新型电子对抗技术，特别是反辐射武器的出现，
给传统雷达带来了巨大的挑战。
外辐射源雷达是一种采用第三方辐射源，在接收端同时接收直达波信号与目标回波
信号，进而实现目标检测的新体制雷达系统。其具有收发端分置、接收端无源工作的特
点，因此具有较好的抗干扰、抗反辐射武器、抗隐身目标和抗低空突防等优势，是应对
静默电子战、低零功率作战等新作战环境的重要手段之一。但是，外辐射源雷达相关技
术存在以下难题。
首先，目标结构复杂，边界条件多样，与空间环境电磁耦合严重，导致目标电磁散
射机理复杂，难以高效、精确地求解多尺度电大尺寸目标的电磁散射特性。在当前作战
环境中，可用的外辐射源频段跨度极大，从较低频段的FM 广播信号到Ku/Ka 频段的卫
星信号，多尺度目标的电磁散射特性随频率的电磁改变而产生极大的差异，再加上收发
分离的几何结构特点，使目标散射特性分析维度极大地增加，难以建立统一适用的目标
电磁散射特性表征分析理论。
其次，目标散射信号受杂波影响大，目标信号与杂波能量差异较大，杂波难以抑制。
为了保证目标的全天时、全天候应用，外辐射源雷达通常采用民用通信信号。这些信号
较宽的发射波束使不同地形地貌的雷达杂波更加复杂，极易掩盖目标。同时，这些杂波
也会影响直达波信号的接收，降低相参积累增益。通信系统独特的用频规划和信号帧结
构等设置，也加大了目标检测的难度。例如，我国地面数字电视辐射源通常在不同站点
同时发射完全相同的信号。这样的模式设置不仅会进一步提高杂波的复杂度，而且会产
生大量虚假目标，影响目标检测结果。
再次，电磁散射信号极其微弱，难增强合成，难积累。外辐射源本身通常不是为目
标检测而设置的，较大的覆盖范围与较低的发射能量使目标回波信噪比极低。虽然电磁
空间存在大量辐射源，但是这些辐射源信号特性各异，难以有效地增强合成，提高增益。
同时，由于目标回波信噪比极低，外辐射源雷达往往需要更长的积累时间，高速运动目
标会使长积累时间的回波产生极大的差异，从而导致目标能量分散，目标检测难度提高。
最后，目标信号传播环境复杂，难以精确地建模。由于电离层的非线性和时空变化
性质，目标电离层的分析需要充分考虑不同时段和不同位置的电离层参数的变化，同时
需要对大气层中的干扰因素进行充分的分析和消除，以获得准确的电离层数据。回波信
号非常微弱，因此需要对电离层中的噪声进行充分的分析和消除，以保证目标信号的准
确性和可靠性。
本书主要针对以上难点和挑战，全面介绍和深入研究相关的技术细节。首先介绍了
外辐射源雷达的发展历史和现状。然后介绍了外辐射源雷达的基本理论与方法。接着详
细介绍了外辐射源雷达典型目标的电磁散射模型。之后详细地介绍了参考信号提纯、杂
波抑制、相参积累、信号合成与增强等数字信号处理理论及方法。最后介绍了外辐射源
雷达电波传播对外辐射源雷达探测性能的影响，并详细介绍了基于卫星外辐射源的目标
探测定位技术。作者希望本书对外辐射源雷达相关技术的研究，能提高我国在新作战环
境下的电子作战能力和作战效能，为相关设备的研制提供理论和技术基础。
由于个人能力有限，书中难免有疏漏之处，恳请各位读者批评指正。
刘春恒
2024 年3 月
第1 章 绪论····························································································.1
1.1 外辐射源雷达概述··········································································.1
1.1.1 外辐射源雷达与外辐射源双站雷达·············································.1
1.1.2 外辐射源双站雷达的特性·························································.2
1.1.3 外辐射源双站雷达面临的挑战···················································.7
1.2 外辐射源双站雷达的发展历史···························································.9
1.3 本书内容安排··············································································.16
第2 章 外辐射源雷达技术········································································.17
2.1 外辐射源雷达方程········································································.17
2.1.1 噪声条件下的外辐射源雷达方程··············································.17
2.1.2 杂波条件下的外辐射源雷达方程··············································.23
2.2 互模糊函数相参积累·····································································.29
2.2.1 互模糊函数的特性································································.29
2.2.2 互模糊函数的经典计算方法····················································.31
2.2.3 时域补偿批处理法································································.36
2.3 主要外辐射源信号与模糊函数特征···················································.48
2.3.1 DVB-S 信号········································································.48
2.3.2 GPS 信号············································································.51
2.3.3 FM 信号·············································································.53
2.3.4 DVB-T 信号········································································.54
2.3.5 DTMB 信号·········································································.56
2.3.6 5G 信号·············································································.59
2.3.7 不同外辐射源雷达信号探测的影响分析与性能比较······················.61
2.4 外辐射源雷达系统架构及信号处理流程·············································.64
2.4.1 外辐射源雷达系统架构··························································.64
2.4.2 外辐射源雷达信号处理流程····················································.67
第3 章 外辐射源目标电磁散射机理与电磁散射特性·······································.70
3.1 概述··························································································.70
3.2 外辐射源典型目标的散射源及电磁散射机理·······································.71
3.2.1 镜面反射············································································.71
3.2.2 二面角反射·········································································.72
3.2.3 腔体散射············································································.74
3.2.4 边缘绕射············································································.75
3.2.5 尖端绕射············································································.77
3.2.6 爬行波绕射·········································································.78
3.2.7 表面不连续处的散射·····························································.80
3.3 目标电磁散射特性计算方法····························································.82
3.3.1 高频近似方法······································································.82
3.3.2 全波计算方法······································································.87
3.4 多尺度电大尺寸目标电磁散射特性计算方法·······································.92
3.4.1 基于区域分解的矩量法（SMoM） ···········································.93
3.4.2 基于区域分解的自适应积分方法（SAIM） ································.96
3.4.3 基于并行计算的区域分解MLFMA ···········································.99
3.4.4 高低频混合算法··································································.103
3.5 典型目标BCS 特征分析································································.109
3.5.1 隐身飞机BCS 和RCS 对比····················································.109
3.5.2 波音737-400 民航客机BCS 特征分析······································.110
第4 章 目标散射中心提取与目标电磁散射特征反演·······································113
4.1 概述·························································································.113
4.2 散射中心模型·············································································.114
4.2.1 散射中心模型概述·······························································.114
4.2.2 点散射中心模型··········
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